SS-31 (Elamipretide)

Full-length adrenal hormone with broad receptor activity

ACTH 1-39 is the full-length, biologically active form of adrenocorticotropic hormone, a 39-amino acid peptide naturally secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It primarily stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenal androgens. Beyond adrenal signaling, ACTH 1-39 exerts direct effects on the brain, immune system, and peripheral tissues via melanocortin receptors.

Targeted fat-depot destruction via vascular apoptosis

Adipotide (also called FTTP) is an experimental peptidomimetic compound designed to selectively destroy the blood supply to white adipose tissue by targeting prohibitin, a protein highly expressed on the vasculature feeding fat cells. Originally developed at MD Anderson Cancer Center, it demonstrated dramatic fat loss in obese rhesus monkeys without dietary restriction. It remains a research compound with no approved human clinical use.

AMPK activator mimicking endurance exercise effects

AICAR (Acadesine) is a nucleoside analog and potent AMPK activator that mimics the cellular energy-depletion state, triggering a cascade of metabolic adaptations including enhanced fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis. It has been extensively studied for its ability to improve endurance performance, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic flexibility without physical exercise. Originally developed as a cardioprotective agent, it has attracted significant interest in the performance and longevity research communities.